Madhya Pradesh , meaning Central Province)
is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and the largest
city is Indore. Nicknamed the "heart of
India" due to its geographical location in India, Madhya Pradesh is the
second-largest state in the country by area. With over 75 million inhabitants,
it is the fifth-largest state in India by population. It borders the states
of Uttar Pradesh to the north-east,Chhattisgarh to the south-east, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Its total area is
308,245 km². Before 2000, When Chattisgarh was a part of Madhya
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between
two furthest points inside the state, Singoli and Konta was 1500 km.
The area covered by
the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti mahajanapada, whose capital Ujjain (also known as Avantika) arose as a major city
during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE.
Subsequently, the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India. By the
early 18th century, the region was divided into several small kingdoms which
were captured by the British and
incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and
the Central India
Agency. After India's independence, Madhya Pradesh state was created
with Nagpur as its capital: this state
included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and north-eastern
portion of today's Maharashtra. In 1956, this state was reorganised and its
parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopalto
form the new Madhya Pradesh state with Bhopal as its capital; the
Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was
removed and merged with the then Bombay State. This state was the largest
in India by area until 2000, when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made a
separate state.
In recent years, the
state's GDP growth has been above the national average.
Rich in mineral resources, MP has
the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India. More than 30% of its area
is under the forest cover. Its tourism industry has seen considerable growth,
with the state topping the National Tourism Awards in the year 2010–11.
Madhya Pradesh literally means
"Central Province", and is located in the geographic heart of
India.The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by
Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India .
The forest cover is less dense
in the northern and western parts of the state, which contain the major urban
centres. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in
the forest types of the state.
Madhya Pradesh is home to
09 National Parks,
including Bandhavgarh
National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park,
and Pench National
Park.[18] There are also a number of natural preserves,
including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar,Narsinghgarh, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot and Tamia. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in
Satpura Range, Amarkantak biosphere reserve and panna national park are
three of the 18 biosphere reserves in India.
Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Panna, and Satpura National Park are
managed as Project Tiger areas.
Sardarpur sanctuary in Dhar and Sailana are managed for conservation of kharmor or lesser florican. Ghatigaon
sanctuary is managed for great Indian bustard or
Son Chiriya. The National Chambal Sanctuary is
managed for conservation of gharial and mugger, river dolphin, smooth-coated otter and
a number of turtle species. Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed
for conservation of gharial and
mugger. Barasingha is the state animal
and dudhraj is
the state bird of Madhya Pradesh.
Based on composition,
the teak and sal forests are the important forest formations in the
state. Bamboo-bearing areas are widely distributed.
The Narmada is the longest river in Madhya
Pradesh. It flows westward through a rift valley, with the Vindhya ranges
sprawling along its northern bank and the Satpura range of mountains along the
southern. Its tributaries include the Banjar, the Tawa, theMachna,
the Shakkar, the Denwa and theSonbhardra rivers. The Tapti River runs parallel to Narmada,
and also flows through a rift valley. The Narmada–Tapti systems carry and
enormous volume of water and provide drainage for almost a quarter of the land
area of Madhya Pradesh.
The Vindhyas form the southern boundary of the Ganges basin,
with the western part of the Ganges basin draining into the Yamunaand the eastern part directly into the Ganges itself.
All the rivers, which drain into the Ganges, flow from south to north, with
the Chambal, Shipra, Kali Sindh, Parbati,Kuno, Sind, Betwa, Dhasan and Ken rivers being the main tributaries of the Yamuna.
Shipra River is one of the most sacred rivers of Hinduism. It is the site of
the Simhastha Kumbh Mela,
which is held every 12 years. The land drained by these rivers is
agriculturally rich, with the natural vegetation largely consisting of grass
and dry deciduous
forest types, largely thorny. The eastern part of the Ganges
basin consists of the Son, the Tons and the RihandRivers. Son, which arises in the Maikal hills
around Amarkantak, is the largest tributary that
goes into the Ganges on the south bank and that does not arise from the Himalayas. Son and its tributaries contribute the bulk of the
monsoon flow into the Ganges, because the north bank tributaries are all snow
fed. The forests in their basins are much richer than the thorn forests of the
northwestern part of Madhya Pradesh.
After the formation of
Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only
154 km2 basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District
lies in Madhya Pradesh.
The Satpuras, in the Gawilgarh and Mahadeo Hills, also contain a watershed,
which is south facing. The Wainganga, theWardha, the Pench, the Kanhan rivers, discharge an enormous
volume of water into the Godavari river
system. The Godavari basin consists of sub-tropical, semi-moist forests, mainly
in the valley of the Indrawati. There are many important multi-state irrigation
projects in development, including the Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects.
The official language of
the state is Hindi. In addition Urdu and Marathi are spoken by
a substantial number of the population since the state was home to several
important and prestigious Maratha states. The
state in fact has the highest concentration of Marathi people outside Maharashtra. Several regional variants are
spoken, which are considered by some to be dialects of Hindi, and by others to
be distinct but related languages. Among these dialects are Malvi in Malwa, Nimadiin Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand, and Bagheli in Bagelkhand and the southeast. Each of
these languages has dialects of its own. Other languages include Telugu, Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi, Korku, Kalto (Nahali),
and Nihali (Nahali), all
spoken by tribal groups.
Madhya
Pradesh's gross state
domestic product (nominal GDP) for 2013-14 was 4,509 billion
(approximately US$ 72,726,000,000). The per-capita figure
was US$ 871.45 in 2013-14, the sixth-lowest in the country. Between
1999 and 2008, the annualised growth rate of the state was very low: 3.5%.Subsequently,
the state's GDP growth rate has improved significantly, rising to 8% during
2010–11 and 12% during 2011–12.
Madhya pradesh is also
famous for honey production in district Morena.
The state has an agrarian economy. The
major crops of Madhya Pradesh are wheat, soybean, gram, sugarcane, rice, maize,
cotton, rapeseed, mustard and arhar. Minor Forest Produce (MFP),
such as tendu leaves
used to roll beedi, sal seed, teak seed, and lak also
contribute to state's rural economy.
Madhya
Pradesh has 5 Special Economic Zones (SEZs):
3 IT/ITeS (Indore, Gwalior), 1 mineral-based (Jabalpur) and 1 agro-based
(Jabalpur). In October 2011, approval was given to 14 proposed SEZs, out of
which 10 were IT/ITeS-based. Indore is the major commercial centre of the state.
Because of the state's central location, a number of consumer goods companies
have established manufacturing bases in MP.
The state has the largest
reserves of diamond and copper in India. Other major mineral reserves include
those of coal, coalbed methane, manganese anddolomite.
Madhya Pradesh has 6 Ordnance Factories, 4 of
which are located at Jabalpur (Vehicle Factory, Grey Iron Foundry, Gun Carriage
Factory, Ordnance Factory Khamaria)
and one each at Katni and Itarsi. The factories are run by the Ordnance Factories Board,
and manufacture a variety of products for the Indian Armed Forces.
Madhya Pradesh won the 10th
National Award for excellent work in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) received by Panchayat and Rural Development
Minister Gopal Bhargava of Madhya Pradesh by the Union Rural Development
Minister Virendra Singh at the MGNREGA summit held at New Delhi.
The state's tourism industry is
growing, fuelled by wildlife tourism and a number of places of historical and
religious significance. Sanchi and Khajuraho are frequented by external tourists. Besides
the major cities, Bhedaghat, Bhimbetka,Bhojpur, Maheshwar, Mandu, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Kanha and Ujjain are the other popular tourist destinations.
The state has a total
installed power generation capacity of 18917.16 MW (30 April 2016).
Bus and train services cover most
of Madhya Pradesh. The 99,043 km long road network of the state includes
20 national highways. A 4,948 km long rail network
criss-crosses the state, with Jabalpur serving as headquarters for the West Central Railway Zone
of the Indian Railways. The Central Railway and
the Western Railway also
cover parts of the state. Most of the western Madhya Pradesh comes under Ratlam Rail Division ofWestern Railways,
including cities like Indore, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Khandwa, Neemuch and Bairagarh
in Bhopal. The state has a total of 20 major railway junctions. The major inter-state bus terminals are
located in Bhopal, Indore,Gwalior and Jabalpur. More than 2000 buses are conducted daily from these
four cities. The intra-city transit systems mostly consist of buses, privateautos and taxis.
The state does not have
a coastline. Most of the sea trade happens through the Kandla and Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava
Sheva) in the neighbouring states, which are well-connected to MP by road and
rail networks.
The Devi Ahilyabai
Holkar Airport at Indore is the busiest airport in Madhya Pradesh. Raja Bhoj Airport in Bhopal, Jabalpur Airport, Gwalior Airport and Khajuraho Airport also
have scheduled commercial passenger services. Besides these, minorairstrips are located at Ratlam, Ujjain, Khandwa, Rewa, Shivpuri and Satna .
Madhya Pradesh state is
made up of 51 Districts, which are grouped into 10 divisions.
As of 2013, the state has
51 jila (district) panchayats, 313 janpad
panchayats/blocks, and 23043 gram (village) panchayats. The
municipalities in the state include 16 Nagar Nigams, 100 Nagar Palikas and 238 Nagar Panchayats.
The state has 51
district hospitals, 333 community health centres, 1,155 primary health centres
and 8,860 sub-centres.
The urban infrastructure
has improved considerably in the past decade. 22 projects costing above $500
million have been sanctioned under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission for the
development of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpurand Ujjain
Madhya Pradesh is the mixed state of
both the departments of agriculture and industrialized. These two departments
are dominated by different great dignity. The roads also grew
unexpectedly fast. Here both transport and trade is
staggering. Abhut earlier due to an increase in the future and may well better
be imagined.
District- 51
Area- 308,245 km2
Population – 72,597,565
Language- Hindi
Industries- More than 10,000
advanced industry
Madhya Pradesh
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